More babies are being born with syphilis, study finds

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Congenital syphilis is preventable, but nonetheless, the disease is on the rise in countries like Australia, a study finds. This mirrors trends in the U.S.

close-up of an adult's hands cupping a baby's feet
The rising rates of congenital syphilis in Australia mirror international trends. (Image credit: Shotmedia via Shutterstock)

Data just published online shows a worrying increase in infectious syphilis cases in women living in Australia aged 15–44 (referred to as "reproductive age") and a subsequent rise in transmission from pregnant parent to child. This is called congenital syphilis.

Congenital syphilis is easily prevented through timely testing and treatment of syphilis during pregnancy. Left untreated, congenital syphilis can have devastating outcomes in more than 50% of cases including miscarriage, stillbirth, neonatal death and permanent disability.

We reviewed all cases of congenital syphilis in Australia between 2011 and 2021 and found tragically 25% were stillborn. For the birthing parent of babies with congenital syphilis, we found less than 40% were tested for syphilis in pregnancy. Nearly half had no record of receiving any antenatal care.

Experts have been aware of the resurgence of syphilis in Australia for some time. But ours is the first analysis that reveals significant gaps in antenatal care, leading to devastating outcomes.

Related: Syphilis cases soaring in the US, rising to highest peak since the 1950s

Syphilis cases have been rising for a decade

Between 2011 and 2021, the rate of infectious syphilis rose by more than 500% in women aged 15–44 years, from 141 in 2011 to 902 in 2021. This reflects an increase more broadly among young people.

Prior to 2011, infectious syphilis was rare. When cases began to rise, it was initially in men with male sexual partners in metropolitan areas, and young heterosexual people in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Health departments increased testing and initiated public health campaigns to decrease transmission.

Despite these efforts, syphilis cases have continued to rise, and the initial outbreaks have expanded across Australia. There has been significant investment by federal, state and territory governments to enhance syphilis detection and treatment including community-based screening, mass media campaigns, health workforce education, and rapid test results through point-of-care testing.

Cases of congenital syphilis have also been steadily rising in Australia, mirroring international trends.

Between 2011 and 2019 there was a median of four congenital syphilis cases per year in Australia, increasing to 17 cases in 2020, and 15 in 2021 and 2022. There were 20 cases reported in 2023.

These numbers might seem small. But without action, this upward trend will lead to more deaths and permanent disability in babies with congenital syphilis — a preventable disease.

Related: Why are sexually transmitted infections on the rise in the US?

A pregnant woman in a pink dress holds her belly while looking out a window

A concerning number of cases of congenital syphilis involved no antenatal care. (Image credit: fizkes via Shutterstock)

What can we do about it?

It's time for a direct focus on reducing syphilis transmissions, and particularly the impact of syphilis in pregnancy.

Testing during pregnancy range from one test at the first antenatal appointment to five tests throughout pregnancy, if the pregnant person is considered high risk or lives in an outbreak area in remote Australia. Recommendations are provided by state and territory health departments, and vary across Australia, but work is underway to make guidelines consistent.

But in many instances no screening is taking place at all.

Increases in infectious and congenital syphilis are likely associated with social determinants of health (the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes) including homelessness, unstable housing, poverty, domestic violence, mental illness, drug and alcohol use, cultural barriers or language, racism, and discrimination in health care.

Our study found Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women reported 35 times higher rates of syphilis than non-Indigenous women. This is likely due to the lasting effects of colonisation, along with structural barriers and access to health care.

To reverse the current trend of increasing numbers of babies with congenital syphilis we urgently need to:

  • explore accessible models of care for pregnant women wherever they engage with the health system
  • enhance partner testing and treatment
  • improve surveillance on testing in pregnancy.

A microscope image of blotchy tissue that resembles the texture of a sponge

This shows tissue impacted by syphilis, as seen under the microscope. (Image credit: Dr. Norbert Lange via Shutterstock)

Not just medical check ups

For pregnant women, we need to ensure a holistic approach to care co-designed in partnership with affected communities. For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, this could include greater access to Birthing on Country programs.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) also recommends partners are routinely tested for syphilis to achieve elimination of congenital syphilis.

And we need better monitoring of syphilis testing during pregnancy. The WHO has set a global goal of elimination of congenital syphilis with a target of 95% of pregnant people tested for syphilis during pregnancy. Currently in Australia there is no way to know how close or far away we are from this goal.

Congenital syphilis is entirely preventable, and it is a tragedy any pregnancy results in this outcome.

The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of Lorraine Anderson of Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services, who provided guidance on the study on which this article is based.

This edited article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Robert Monaghan
Robert Monaghan
Project officer, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Program, Surveillance and Evaluation Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney

Robert Monaghan is a descendant of the Bundjalung (on his Grandmother’s side) and Gumbaynggir (on his Grandfather’s side) Nations, his family and extended family are from the North Coast NSW alongside the Clarence River at Baryulgil. He has worked within the Aboriginal community-controlled health sector with national, state and local governments for over 25 years. Robert is the Kirby Institute’s inaugural Manager of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Research. In this role, he leads the development of systems, policies, and a cultural framework to support the Kirby Institute’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health research, is Chair of the Kirby Institute’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health research advisory committee, and a member of the Executive Committee. He has worked as a Project Officer with the Kirby Institute’s Surveillance and Evaluation Research Program since 2014. Robert is also completing a PhD with the Kirby Institute, which is focused on identifying the barriers and enablers for Aboriginal men accessing culturally appropriate health services to enhance the testing and treatment of STIs and blood-borne viruses. Through his work, Robert is implementing Indigenous Research and evaluation methodologies such as yarning circles and men’s gatherings to engage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men. Robert competed his Master of Public Health at UNSW Sydney in 2018.